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This is a list of Galician words which have Germanic origin. Many of these words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Galicia in the 5th century, or by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585. Other words were incorporated to Galician during the Middle Ages, mostly proceeding from French and Occitan languages, as both cultures had a massive impact in Galicia during the 12th and 13th centuries. More recently other words with Germanic origin have been incorporated, either directly from English or other Germanic languages, or indirectly through Spanish, Portuguese, Italian or French. Most of these words are shared with Portuguese language or with the northern Portuguese dialects, presenting most of the time just minor spelling or phonetic differences. All along this article, any form with an asterisk ( *) is an unattested reconstruction, being therefore hypothetical. == Words incorporated in the Late Antiquity and High Middle Ages== Words exclusive to Galician, or with an early presence in local documents, have been frequently attributed to the Suebi who settled in Galicia and northern Portugal in 411,〔Cf. Ferreiro 2001: 30; Kremer 2004: 133-148; Kremer 2004b: 9-25; Rivas 1989: 51; Carvalho Calero 1979: 59; Hilty 2005: 473-480〕 or alternatively to the Visigoths who annexed the Suebi kingdom in 585, although the later didn't settle in Galicia prior to the 8th century:〔"The small proprietors in contrast were men of overwhelmingly Celtic, Roman and Suevic stock, not Visigoths, for in the century since Leovigild's conquest of the Suevic kingdom in 585 there had been no perceptible Visigothic migration to the northwest.", 〕 * ' "landmark" and ' "to mark out a property" (in local documents since 818, but in Spanish only from the 16th century),〔Rivas 1989: 51; Rivas 2007: 150-152; Coromines 1997 s.v. marcar〕 * ' "forelock, pigtail", recorded in 561,〔DuCange s.v. grani〕 * ' "volume of grain" (medieval from scala "bowl", documented since the 9th century),〔Kremer 2004: 140〕 * ' "felt", documented since 995,〔Ferreiro 2001: 19〕 * ' "generation" (if from medieval ''sala'' "settlement", 10th century),〔Kremer 2004: 140, 146〕〔Kremer 2010: 13〕 * ' "pergola", since 1009,〔〔Rivas 1989: 51〕 * ' "skylark", since the 11th century,〔〔〔Orel 2003 s.v. *laiwarikōn〕 * ' "titmouse" (13th century),〔 * place name ' (and modern Galician ' "rustic man") from medieval (10th century) ''burio'' "house, settlement",〔〔 * ' "gully, trough, trench" (10th century),〔Kremer 2004: 146〕〔Rivas 2007: 84-85〕 * ' "to break" (12th century),〔〔Rivas 2007: 150-152〕〔Carvalho Calero 1979: 58〕 * ' "to praise, boast, brag",〔〔 * ' "pows",〔 * ' "gloves" (12th century),〔 * ' "fog, haze, mist, drizzle",〔Hilty 2005: 475〕 * ' "to hurry, rush, hasten" and ' "promptness" (13th century),〔〔 * ' "evil spirit, elf",〔Martins: 6〕 * ' "serf" (''mallato'', 10th century),〔 * ' "lintel",〔REW 8864〕 * ' "dry wind",〔 * ' "to squash",〔 * ' "whiner".〔〔 Some words were already recorded in Visigothic legal documents: '〔Kremer 2004: 12〕 while some others (beyond the aforementioned) have a very early documentation in Latin documents from Galicia: ' (''baro'' "male, man", 9th century), ' "young, strong man" (10th century), ' "serf (cup bearer)" (11th century), ' and ' "companion, comrade" (9th century), ' "official" (9th century), ' "commander" (10th century), ' "reddish" (''raudane'', 10th century in León), ' "watch" (''guardia'', 10th century), ' "strip" (''nastalo'', 11th century, in Braga), ' "boot" (9th century), ' "sop, soup" (''soparia'', 10th century), ' "clothes" (''raupa'', 11th century), ' "to rob" (''raubare'', 12th century), ' "inn" (11th century), ' "badger" (''Texunarias'', first years of the 12th century), ' "watchtower" (10th century), ' "stake" (11th century), ' "spoor" (11th century), ' "to obtain", ' "cattle" (9th century), ' "flask" (''flascas'', 9th century, in Asturias). Usually, some words shared by Galician, Portuguese, Spanish, and sometimes also Catalan, Occitan or Italian, are considered of Gothic extraction: ' 〔Kremer 2004: 139; Hilty 2005: 475〕 Other words as ', which can be found in all of the Western Romance languages, are more frequently considered to be Germanic loanwords incorporated into Vulgar Latin, maybe in Gaul.〔Kremer 2004: 139〕〔Ferreiro 2001: 20〕〔Dworkin 2012: 69- 73〕 There is a number of Germanic words which Galician shares with French, but which are unknown in Spanish; these are either nautical direct borrowings, early importations into Iberia which felt out of use in Spanish, or loans produced independently in Galician 〔Suebic origin have been proposed for some of them, cf. Rivas 1989: 51〕 and French: ' "to shatter, to trash" (French ''フランス語:gaspailler''), ' "ashfly" (''Falisca'', 12th century, French ''flammèche''), ' "to scratch off" and ', ' "comb" (French ''フランス語:riper''), ' "to stretch" (), ' "to prop, to shore" (Old French ''esprequer''), ' "to lick" (French ''フランス語:laper''), ' "to wear away" (Old French ''raffer''). There are other words of Germanic origin which are characteristically Galician, being mostly unknown in Spanish: ' "ditch, trench", ' "rough, steep", ' "to peel, to rub", ' "sardine's guts", ' "nail", ' "to be anxious, to fret", ' "gulp", ' "to snatch, to rub", ' "to tread", ' "stomp", ' "food offered to a group of workers", ' "stingray", ' "bottlenose dolphin, killer whale", ' "evil deed, treason, cheat, mischief", ' "thin person/horse/cow", ' "to lend, to bring close", ' "splinter, thorn; rough bark (of a tree)", ' "blonde", ' "type of net", ' "to mix something with liquids", ' "nose" and ' "to hurt one's nose". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Galician words of Germanic origin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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